Louisiana Legislature places ownership of children born to slaves with the enslaved mother's owner.

Joseph adds that Canaan is cursed with a "vail of darkness" in his Bible translation.

Phelps says "we have no special rule in the church, as to people of color."

John Whitmer describes violence against Mormons in Missouri.

W. W. Phelps records a letter from a group of Missourians to Latter-day Saints.

The 1835 D&C says "it is not right that any man should be in bondage one to another."

Joseph Smith discusses slavery in a letter to Oliver Cowdery.

Times and Seasons gives a description of Missourian violence against The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in 1833.

List of enslaved individuals in Brigham's papers.

The United States declares war against Mexico.

Congressional act abolishing slavery in U.S. territories.

Florida laws circumscribed ownership of certain property by slaves.

Pioneer emigration records list Green Flake.

Heber C. Kimball notes Hark Lay, Oscar Crosby, and Green Flake in his pioneer company.

List of John Bankhead's family in a wagon company roster includes 11 "servants" (slaves).

Pioneer company records include Hark Lay (Wales).

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends the Mexican-American War.

Alabama act prohibits slaves from traveling independently of their masters.

Charles C. Rich's papers include bond relating to a man named Richard.

Brigham says that Utahans are averse to slavery.

The United States Slave Schedule lists Agnes Flake's slaves in Utah.

List of slaves in Tooele in the Official 1850 census, lists "none."

The 1850 census (official) lists of slaves in Iron County.

The draft 1850 census lists slaves in Salt Lake County and Davis County.

The official 1850 US Census includes an entry for Green Flake.

San Pete County's official 1850 census shows no slaves living in the county (original and copy).

Henry Clay's introduces the resolution which began the Compromise of 1850.

Orson Hyde explains Utah servitude laws.

William Crosby summarizes the Green Flake episode.

Wilford Woodruff records Brigham condemning slavery but maintaining that Black people must be servants.

Brigham Young addresses Native American slavery in an address to the Utah Territorial Legislature.

Brigham expresses his views on slavery in the margins of the document.

Brigham gives reasons for Black "service" laws.

Brigham expresses opposition to slave abuse and support for Black service.

Transcription of Orson Pratt's antislavery speech.

Brigham speaks on the need to treat "the seed of Cain" well as servants.

Brigham defends servitude in Utah and advocates for a type of segregation to create unity.

Brigham comments on Green Flake's health.

In his diary, Charles C. Rich says he has a "negro."

Entry in Brigham's journal for Williams Camp's case.

Brigham considers "children of Ham" to be destined for "perpetual slavery."

Edwin D. Woolley charges Williams Camp with kidnapping Dan (an African American).

Probate registration for Shepherd by Diannah Camp.

Bill of sale documents transfer of a slave from Abraham O. Smoot to Thomas S. Williams.

Probate registration for Shepherd by Williams Camp.

John Brown lists a servant as one of his assets.

Entry for Betty Brown's rebaptism in the Lehi Ward's records indicates that she is "colored".

Brigham includes "n---er stealing" among the "treasonous" actions of which other Americans could be accused.

Thomas Cobb says that there are not laws against raping an enslaved woman in the United States.

Ezra T. Benson holds that the Saints will not involve themselves in freeing Black people from enslavement.

In a history of Indiana, John B. Dillon lists Indiana Territory slave laws.

Deseret News provides summary of Miller v. Williams as of August, 24, 1859.

Martha Ann Morris is listed in Green Flake's household in the 1860 census.

1860 US census schedule 2 for Salt Lake County includes enslaved individuals.

The 1860 census includes Green Flake's family.

South Carolina declares secession.

Brigham tells Horace Greeley that slavery is "of divine institution" and will persist until the curse of Ham is removed.

Brigham rejects abolitionists in the North and the Southern slaveholders alike.

Abraham Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation.

Brigham attributes civil war to those who "wish to raise their negroes" while others "wish to. . . almost worship them."

Thirteenth amendment to the US Constitution abolishes slavery.

George A. Smith notes that some wrongly think the Civil War was caused by "the almighty negro."

Andrew Johnson's proclamation of the end of hostilities with the South.

Brigham expresses that it is "the lot" of Black people to be servants.

Henry Carroll recalls "Black" Pete's activities in Kirtland.

William J. Flake's submission for the Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia.

Salt Lake Tribune gives a description of Green Flake, "the only colored survivor of the band of '47," as a "vigorous, broad-shouldered, good-natured, bright old gentleman."

United States Census Bureau bulletin on Utah censuses 1850-1900 records State population by decade.

The Deseret News announces Green Flake's death in 1903.

Biographical sketch of Elijah Able's life provided by Andrew Jenson in his Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia.

Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia biography of Green Flake.

Elder Feramorz Y. Fox concludes that members kept their property after consecrating it in the 1850s.

Hosea Stout describes a court case about slavery.

Jacob Hamblin records instances of Native American slavery.

Sondra Jones describes the Indian slave trade in Utah before 1852.

National Humanities Center collection of Works Progress Administration (WPA) accounts of formerly enslaved people.

Christopher Rich argues that Utah's servitude law was intended to end slavery.

In a revelation, Joseph Smith said that no one should be in bondage to another.

Deuteronomy 21:10-14 says that an Israelite cannot enslave a woman he captured in war and married.

Limhi says it is better to be slaves to the Nephites than to pay tribute to the Lamanites.

Nephi interacts with Zoram (a servant of Laban).

Noah says Canaan will serve his brothers.

Deuteronomy 15: 12-18 gives codes for freeing slaves or making them a permanent member of the household.

Exodus 23:12 says that slaves must rest on the Sabbath.

Exodus 20:10 says that slaves must honor the Sabbath.

LDS proclamation on government says that it is not right to interfere with "bond-servants."

Paul calls himself a servant (slave) of Jesus.

Deuteronomy 5:14-15 says that slaves should not work on the Sabbath.

Exodus 12:44 says that slaves are to celebrate Passover.

Jeremiah 34:8-22 condemns Judahites who promised to free slaves but did not do so.

Gospel Topics Essay "Race and the Priesthood" recognizes slavery was legal in Utah territory.

Jane Manning James is "attached as a Servitor for eternity to the Prophet Joseph Smith" in the Salt Lake Temple.

Webster's 1828 dictionary provides definitions for servitude.

Webster's 1828 dictionary provides a definition for "servant."

Amy Tanner Thiriot describes the tithings and consecration documents of Latter-day Saint slave owners.

Amy Tanner Thiriot notes the lack of slave registrations in Utah.

Merriam-Webster provides a definition of miscegenation.

Amy Thiriot's biography of Martha Morris.

Church History Topic essay provides overview of the Mormon-Missouri War of 1838.

Utah State Courts website explains probate.

Church History Department provides biography of Green Flake.

Library of Congress website provides timeline of the American Civil War.

Century of Black Mormons project provides biographical sketch of Martha Ann Morris.

Comparison of draft final versions of "An Act in Relation to Service."

Strong's Greek Concordance provides a definition for "δουλεύω".

Church History Topic essay gives brief history of Indian slavery in Utah.

Zev Farber describes slavery in the Old Testament.